A recent environmental history study examines in detail how Total has used image campaigns and PR strategies to influence public opinion and policymaking since the company's first internal studies on climate change. (Bonneuil, Christophe, Pierre-Louis Choquet, and Benjamin Franta. "Early warnings and emerging accountability: Total's responses to global warming, 1971-2021." Global Environmental Change (2021): 102386.) This study is not the first of its kind. Similar findings on Exxon, BP and Shell have been known for a long time and the findings on Total are not surprising, but once again impressive in their depth of detail.
The 20 largest oil and gas companies have produced over a third of the greenhouse gas emissions of the last 70 years. Even in the years after 1945, the oil industry was repeatedly confronted with criticism regarding environmental pollution, especially air pollution and oil spills. By the time climate change began to emerge as a policy-relevant issue in the 1960s, many companies had already practiced managing public perception.
Industry advocacy groups such as the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) and the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) have been known as opinion-making machines for decades. The study by Bonneuil et al., which is based on archival research and interviews with primary sources, focuses primarily on the exchange of information and strategy development in the IPIECA circle, to which the French oil companies Total and Elf belong.